Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial
Identifieur interne : 000582 ( 2020/Analysis ); précédent : 000581; suivant : 000583Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial
Auteurs : Philippe Gautret [France] ; Jean-Christophe Lagier [France] ; Philippe Parola [France] ; Van Thuan Hoang [France, Viêt Nam] ; Line Meddeb [France] ; Morgane Mailhe [France] ; Barbara Doudier [France] ; Johan Courjon [France] ; Valérie Giordanengo [France] ; Vera Esteves Vieira [France] ; Hervé Tissot Dupont [France] ; Stéphane Honoré [France] ; Philippe Colson [France] ; Eric Chabrière [France] ; Bernard La Scola [France] ; Jean-Marc Rolain [France] ; Philippe Brouqui [France] ; Didier Raoult [France]Source :
- International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents [ 0924-8579 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been found to be efficient on SARS-CoV-2, and reported to be efficient in Chinese COV-19 patients. We evaluate the role of hydroxychloroquine on respiratory viral loads.
French Confirmed COVID-19 patients were included in a single arm protocol from early March to March 16th, to receive 600mg of hydroxychloroquine daily and their viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs was tested daily in a hospital setting. Depending on their clinical presentation, azithromycin was added to the treatment. Untreated patients from another center and cases refusing the protocol were included as negative controls. Presence and absence of virus at Day6-post inclusion was considered the end point.
Six patients were asymptomatic, 22 had upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and eight had lower respiratory tract infection symptoms.
Twenty cases were treated in this study and showed a significant reduction of the viral carriage at D6-post inclusion compared to controls, and much lower average carrying duration than reported of untreated patients in the literature. Azithromycin added to hydroxychloroquine was significantly more efficient for virus elimination.
Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
PubMed: 32205204
PubMed Central: 7102549
Affiliations:
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Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0002">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lagier, Jean Christophe" sort="Lagier, Jean Christophe" uniqKey="Lagier J" first="Jean-Christophe" last="Lagier">Jean-Christophe Lagier</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parola, Philippe" sort="Parola, Philippe" uniqKey="Parola P" first="Philippe" last="Parola">Philippe Parola</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0002">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoang, Van Thuan" sort="Hoang, Van Thuan" uniqKey="Hoang V" first="Van Thuan" last="Hoang">Van Thuan Hoang</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0002">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0004">Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Viet Nam</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country><wicri:regionArea>Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Thai Binh</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meddeb, Line" sort="Meddeb, Line" uniqKey="Meddeb L" first="Line" last="Meddeb">Line Meddeb</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mailhe, Morgane" sort="Mailhe, Morgane" uniqKey="Mailhe M" first="Morgane" last="Mailhe">Morgane Mailhe</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doudier, Barbara" sort="Doudier, Barbara" uniqKey="Doudier B" first="Barbara" last="Doudier">Barbara Doudier</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Courjon, Johan" sort="Courjon, Johan" uniqKey="Courjon J" first="Johan" last="Courjon">Johan Courjon</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Infectiologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectiologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Nice</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0006">Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Côte d'Azur, Nice</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Nice</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0007">U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Virulence Microbienne et Signalisation Inflammatoire, INSERM, Nice, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Virulence Microbienne et Signalisation Inflammatoire, INSERM, Nice</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Nice</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giordanengo, Valerie" sort="Giordanengo, Valerie" uniqKey="Giordanengo V" first="Valérie" last="Giordanengo">Valérie Giordanengo</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0008">Department of Virology, Biological and Pathological Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06200 Nice, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology, Biological and Pathological Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06200 Nice</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Nice</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vieira, Vera Esteves" sort="Vieira, Vera Esteves" uniqKey="Vieira V" first="Vera Esteves" last="Vieira">Vera Esteves Vieira</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dupont, Herve Tissot" sort="Dupont, Herve Tissot" uniqKey="Dupont H" first="Hervé Tissot" last="Dupont">Hervé Tissot Dupont</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Honore, Stephane" sort="Honore, Stephane" uniqKey="Honore S" first="Stéphane" last="Honoré">Stéphane Honoré</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0009">Service Pharmacie, Hôpital Timone, AP-HM, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Service Pharmacie, Hôpital Timone, AP-HM, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff0010">Laboratoire de Pharmacie Clinique, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Pharmacie Clinique, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Aix-Marseille</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Colson, Philippe" sort="Colson, Philippe" uniqKey="Colson P" first="Philippe" last="Colson">Philippe Colson</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chabriere, Eric" sort="Chabriere, Eric" uniqKey="Chabriere E" first="Eric" last="Chabrière">Eric Chabrière</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="La Scola, Bernard" sort="La Scola, Bernard" uniqKey="La Scola B" first="Bernard" last="La Scola">Bernard La Scola</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rolain, Jean Marc" sort="Rolain, Jean Marc" uniqKey="Rolain J" first="Jean-Marc" last="Rolain">Jean-Marc Rolain</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brouqui, Philippe" sort="Brouqui, Philippe" uniqKey="Brouqui P" first="Philippe" last="Brouqui">Philippe Brouqui</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raoult, Didier" sort="Raoult, Didier" uniqKey="Raoult D" first="Didier" last="Raoult">Didier Raoult</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents</title><idno type="ISSN">0924-8579</idno><idno type="eISSN">1872-7913</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been found to be efficient on SARS-CoV-2, and reported to be efficient in Chinese COV-19 patients. We evaluate the role of hydroxychloroquine on respiratory viral loads.</p></sec><sec><title>Patients and methods</title><p>French Confirmed COVID-19 patients were included in a single arm protocol from early March to March 16<sup>th</sup>, to receive 600mg of hydroxychloroquine daily and their viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs was tested daily in a hospital setting. Depending on their clinical presentation, azithromycin was added to the treatment. Untreated patients from another center and cases refusing the protocol were included as negative controls. Presence and absence of virus at Day6-post inclusion was considered the end point.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Six patients were asymptomatic, 22 had upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and eight had lower respiratory tract infection symptoms.</p><p>Twenty cases were treated in this study and showed a significant reduction of the viral carriage at D6-post inclusion compared to controls, and much lower average carrying duration than reported of untreated patients in the literature. Azithromycin added to hydroxychloroquine was significantly more efficient for virus elimination.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lai, Cc" uniqKey="Lai C">CC Lai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shih, Tp" uniqKey="Shih T">TP Shih</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ko, Wc" uniqKey="Ko W">WC Ko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Hj" uniqKey="Tang H">HJ Tang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hsueh, Pr" uniqKey="Hsueh P">PR Hsueh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ls" uniqKey="Wang L">LS Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Yr" uniqKey="Wang Y">YR Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, Dw" uniqKey="Ye D">DW Ye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Qq" uniqKey="Liu Q">QQ Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wu, Z" uniqKey="Wu Z">Z Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgoogan, Jm" uniqKey="Mcgoogan J">JM. 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uniqKey="Dive D">D Dive</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marmor, Mf" uniqKey="Marmor M">MF Marmor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kellner, U" uniqKey="Kellner U">U Kellner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lai, Ty" uniqKey="Lai T">TY Lai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Melles, Rb" uniqKey="Melles R">RB Melles</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yao, X" uniqKey="Yao X">X Yao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ye, F" uniqKey="Ye F">F Ye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, M" uniqKey="Zhang M">M Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cui, C" uniqKey="Cui C">C Cui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, B" uniqKey="Huang B">B Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niu, P" uniqKey="Niu P">P Niu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Raoult, D" uniqKey="Raoult D">D Raoult</name></author><author><name 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Eldin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hocquart, M" uniqKey="Hocquart M">M Hocquart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mailhe, M" uniqKey="Mailhe M">M Mailhe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Armstrong, N" uniqKey="Armstrong N">N Armstrong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richez, M" uniqKey="Richez M">M Richez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raoult, D" uniqKey="Raoult D">D Raoult</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chabriere, E" uniqKey="Chabriere E">E Chabriere</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhou, F" uniqKey="Zhou F">F Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, T" uniqKey="Yu T">T Yu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Du, R" uniqKey="Du R">R Du</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, G" uniqKey="Fan G">G Fan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Y" uniqKey="Liu Y">Y Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Z" uniqKey="Liu Z">Z Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Retallack, H" uniqKey="Retallack H">H Retallack</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Lullo, E" uniqKey="Di Lullo E">E Di Lullo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arias, C" uniqKey="Arias C">C Arias</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knopp, Ka" uniqKey="Knopp K">KA Knopp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laurie, Mt" uniqKey="Laurie M">MT Laurie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sandoval Espinosa, C" uniqKey="Sandoval Espinosa C">C Sandoval-Espinosa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Madrid, Pb" uniqKey="Madrid P">PB Madrid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Panchal, Rg" uniqKey="Panchal R">RG Panchal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Warren, Tk" uniqKey="Warren T">TK Warren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shurtleff, Ac" uniqKey="Shurtleff A">AC Shurtleff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Endsley, An" uniqKey="Endsley A">AN Endsley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Green, Ce" uniqKey="Green C">CE Green</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kolokoltsov, A" uniqKey="Kolokoltsov A">A Kolokoltsov</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bosseboeuf, E" uniqKey="Bosseboeuf E">E Bosseboeuf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aubry, M" uniqKey="Aubry M">M Aubry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nhan, T" uniqKey="Nhan T">T Nhan</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Pina, Jj" uniqKey="De Pina J">JJ de Pina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rolain, Jm" uniqKey="Rolain J">JM Rolain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raoult, D" uniqKey="Raoult D">D Raoult</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bacharier, Lb" uniqKey="Bacharier L">LB Bacharier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guilbert, Tw" uniqKey="Guilbert T">TW Guilbert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mauger, Dt" uniqKey="Mauger D">DT Mauger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boehmer, S" uniqKey="Boehmer S">S Boehmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beigelman, A" uniqKey="Beigelman A">A Beigelman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fitzpatrick, Am" uniqKey="Fitzpatrick A">AM Fitzpatrick</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>France</li><li>Viêt Nam</li></country><region><li>Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</li></region><settlement><li>Marseille</li><li>Nice</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université d'Aix-Marseille</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur"><name sortKey="Gautret, Philippe" sort="Gautret, Philippe" uniqKey="Gautret P" first="Philippe" last="Gautret">Philippe Gautret</name></region><name sortKey="Brouqui, Philippe" sort="Brouqui, Philippe" uniqKey="Brouqui P" first="Philippe" last="Brouqui">Philippe Brouqui</name><name sortKey="Brouqui, Philippe" sort="Brouqui, Philippe" uniqKey="Brouqui P" first="Philippe" last="Brouqui">Philippe Brouqui</name><name sortKey="Chabriere, Eric" sort="Chabriere, Eric" uniqKey="Chabriere E" first="Eric" last="Chabrière">Eric Chabrière</name><name sortKey="Chabriere, Eric" sort="Chabriere, Eric" uniqKey="Chabriere E" first="Eric" last="Chabrière">Eric Chabrière</name><name sortKey="Colson, Philippe" sort="Colson, Philippe" uniqKey="Colson P" first="Philippe" last="Colson">Philippe Colson</name><name sortKey="Colson, Philippe" sort="Colson, Philippe" uniqKey="Colson P" first="Philippe" last="Colson">Philippe Colson</name><name sortKey="Courjon, Johan" sort="Courjon, Johan" uniqKey="Courjon J" first="Johan" last="Courjon">Johan Courjon</name><name sortKey="Courjon, Johan" sort="Courjon, Johan" uniqKey="Courjon J" first="Johan" last="Courjon">Johan Courjon</name><name sortKey="Courjon, Johan" sort="Courjon, Johan" uniqKey="Courjon J" first="Johan" last="Courjon">Johan Courjon</name><name sortKey="Doudier, Barbara" sort="Doudier, Barbara" uniqKey="Doudier B" first="Barbara" last="Doudier">Barbara Doudier</name><name sortKey="Dupont, Herve Tissot" sort="Dupont, Herve Tissot" uniqKey="Dupont H" first="Hervé Tissot" last="Dupont">Hervé Tissot Dupont</name><name sortKey="Dupont, Herve Tissot" sort="Dupont, Herve Tissot" uniqKey="Dupont H" first="Hervé Tissot" last="Dupont">Hervé Tissot Dupont</name><name sortKey="Gautret, Philippe" sort="Gautret, Philippe" uniqKey="Gautret P" first="Philippe" last="Gautret">Philippe Gautret</name><name sortKey="Giordanengo, Valerie" sort="Giordanengo, Valerie" uniqKey="Giordanengo V" first="Valérie" last="Giordanengo">Valérie Giordanengo</name><name sortKey="Hoang, Van Thuan" sort="Hoang, Van Thuan" uniqKey="Hoang V" first="Van Thuan" last="Hoang">Van Thuan Hoang</name><name sortKey="Hoang, Van Thuan" sort="Hoang, Van Thuan" uniqKey="Hoang V" first="Van Thuan" last="Hoang">Van Thuan Hoang</name><name sortKey="Honore, Stephane" sort="Honore, Stephane" uniqKey="Honore S" first="Stéphane" last="Honoré">Stéphane Honoré</name><name sortKey="Honore, Stephane" sort="Honore, Stephane" uniqKey="Honore S" first="Stéphane" last="Honoré">Stéphane Honoré</name><name sortKey="La Scola, Bernard" sort="La Scola, Bernard" uniqKey="La Scola B" first="Bernard" last="La Scola">Bernard La Scola</name><name sortKey="La Scola, Bernard" sort="La Scola, Bernard" uniqKey="La Scola B" first="Bernard" last="La Scola">Bernard La Scola</name><name sortKey="Lagier, Jean Christophe" sort="Lagier, Jean Christophe" uniqKey="Lagier J" first="Jean-Christophe" last="Lagier">Jean-Christophe Lagier</name><name sortKey="Lagier, Jean Christophe" sort="Lagier, Jean Christophe" uniqKey="Lagier J" first="Jean-Christophe" last="Lagier">Jean-Christophe Lagier</name><name sortKey="Mailhe, Morgane" sort="Mailhe, Morgane" uniqKey="Mailhe M" first="Morgane" last="Mailhe">Morgane Mailhe</name><name sortKey="Meddeb, Line" sort="Meddeb, Line" uniqKey="Meddeb L" first="Line" last="Meddeb">Line Meddeb</name><name sortKey="Parola, Philippe" sort="Parola, Philippe" uniqKey="Parola P" first="Philippe" last="Parola">Philippe Parola</name><name sortKey="Parola, Philippe" sort="Parola, Philippe" uniqKey="Parola P" first="Philippe" last="Parola">Philippe Parola</name><name sortKey="Raoult, Didier" sort="Raoult, Didier" uniqKey="Raoult D" first="Didier" last="Raoult">Didier Raoult</name><name sortKey="Raoult, Didier" sort="Raoult, Didier" uniqKey="Raoult D" first="Didier" last="Raoult">Didier Raoult</name><name sortKey="Rolain, Jean Marc" sort="Rolain, Jean Marc" uniqKey="Rolain J" first="Jean-Marc" last="Rolain">Jean-Marc Rolain</name><name sortKey="Rolain, Jean Marc" sort="Rolain, Jean Marc" uniqKey="Rolain J" first="Jean-Marc" last="Rolain">Jean-Marc Rolain</name><name sortKey="Vieira, Vera Esteves" sort="Vieira, Vera Esteves" uniqKey="Vieira V" first="Vera Esteves" last="Vieira">Vera Esteves Vieira</name></country><country name="Viêt Nam"><noRegion><name sortKey="Hoang, Van Thuan" sort="Hoang, Van Thuan" uniqKey="Hoang V" first="Van Thuan" last="Hoang">Van Thuan Hoang</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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